動詞句のアスペクト



動詞は動作の開始や終了する点などから、いろいろな局面を表す。動詞を開始、継続、終了という点から見るのをアスペクトと呼ぶ。状態動詞とよばれるものは動作の開始や終了を明示しない動詞のことです。状態動詞以外はさらに動作が完結するかどうかで到達動詞や達成動詞や活動動詞に分かれます。到達動詞や達成動詞はその動作が完結することを表し、活動動詞は終了点のない動作を表します。このアスペクトは動詞そのものの意味より、動詞句の意味によっていろいろと変化します。

1. 関係を表す状態動詞

be, belong, consist, contain, cost, differ, equal, exist, matter, own, remain.

2. 心理状態を表す状態動詞

believe, desire, forget, have, hear, hope, know, like, live, look, remember, want, etc

3. 動作の終了点を表す到達動詞

arrive, come, die, fall, go, leave, meet, become, begin, find, etc.

4. 動作の結果を表す達成動詞

build, knit, make, draw, dig, hatch, invent, etc.

5. 動作の瞬間的な終了点を表す到達動詞

hit, jump, kick, knock, nod, flash, blink, lie down, sit down, stand up, slap, etc.

6. 動作の終了点のない活動動詞

push, run, read, walk, eat, fight, move, sit, stand, rain, work, etc.



上の分類は次のようなテストをするとそれぞれが異なった文法的な振る舞いをするのがわかります。* は文法的でないことを表し#は語用論的に不適切であることを表します

1. 進行形

* I am belonging to the club. (状態動詞)(非文)

I am forgetting the fact. (状態動詞)(途中)

I am arriving at the station. (到達動詞)(途中)

I am building the house. (達成動詞)(途中)

I am hitting the boy. (到達動詞)(反復)

I am pushing the boy. (活動動詞)(反復)



2. still + 現在形

I still belong to the club. (状態動詞)

I still believe the fact. (状態動詞)

*I still arrive at the station. (到達動詞)(非文)

*I still build the house. (達成動詞)(非文)

*I still hit the boy. (到達動詞)(非文)

*I still push the boy. (活動動詞)(非文)



3. finish + ing

#I finished belonging to the club. (状態動詞)

#I finished forgetting the fact. (状態動詞)

#I finished arriving at the station. (到達動詞)

I finished building the house. (達成動詞)

I finished hitting the boy. (到達動詞)

I finished pushing the boy. (活動動詞)



4. How long did it take?

#How long did it take you to belong to the club? (状態動詞)

#How long did it take you to forget the fact? (状態動詞)

How long did it take you to arrive at the station? (到達動詞)

How long did it take you to build the house? (達成動詞)

#How long did it take you to hit the boy? (到達動詞)

#How long did it take you to push the boy? (活動動詞)



5. will + in

He will belong to the club in two days. (状態動詞)(起動)

He will believe the fact in two days. (状態動詞)(起動)

He will arrive at the station in two days. (到達動詞)(終了)

He will build the house in two days. (達成動詞)(終了)

He will hit the boy in two days. (到達動詞)(開始)

He will push the boy in two days. (活動動詞)(開始)



5. at + 時刻

*He belongs to the club at 5:00. (状態動詞)

*He forgets the fact at 5:00. (状態動詞)

He arrives at the station at 5:00. (到達動詞)

*He builds the house at 5:00. (達成動詞)

He hits the boy at 5:00. (到達動詞)

*He pushes the boy at 5:00. (活動動詞)



Copyright © Kazuhiro Miyamae 2003

HOME

inserted by FC2 system